Generación de irreversibilidades en las producciones integradas de azúcar, alcohol y biogás
Fecha
2017-01-01
Autores
González Cortés, Meilyn
Martínez Martínez, Yenisleidy
Albernas Carvajal, Yailet
Pérez Bermúdez, Raúl Alberto
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Resumen
En este trabajo se determinan las etapas generadoras de pérdidas y de menor eficiencia exergética cuando al proceso de producción de azúcar se integran otros para la producción de productos tales como biogás, levadura torula y electricidad. El estudio se realiza en tres escenarios de procesos integrados para la obtención de los productos señalados. Se considera como escenario base una fábrica de azúcar en la que se produce azúcar y electricidad y a partir del mismo se deduce un segundo escenario en el que se produce alcohol a partir de las mieles del proceso azucarero y biogás a partir de las vinazas del proceso de destilación de alcohol. Por último, se evalúa exergéticamente un tercer escenario en el que se producen azúcar, electricidad, biogás y alcohol, pero este último a partir de jugos y mieles del proceso azucarero. Para el análisis exergético el esquema integrado fue dividido en 8 subsistemas. Del análisis de los resultados se tiene que los subsistemas mayores generadores de irreversibilidades son: cogeneración (64,36-65,98%), extracción de jugo (8,85-9,85%), cristalización y cocción, (8,48- 9,02%), fermentación (4,12-4,94%) y destilación (2,74-3,2%). Se proponen mejoras para minimizar las irreversibilidades, entre las que se incluye la integración térmica de los procesos, modificaciones tecnológicas en el proceso de fermentación y la introducción de equipos más eficientes para la generación de electricidad. La eficiencia exergética se encuentra entre 78,95-81,10%, obteniéndose una mayor eficiencia exergética en el esquema de operación conjunta para la producción de azúcar, alcohol y biogás.
In this work, the stages of losses and lower exergetic efficiency are determined when the sugar production process is integrated with others for the production of products such as biogas, torula yeast and electricity. The study is carried out in three scenarios of integrated processes for obtaining the indicated products. A sugar factory in which sugar and electricity are produced is considered as the base scenario and from this; a second scenario is inferred in which alcohol is produced from the molasses of the sugar process and biogas from the vinasse of the alcohol distillation process. Finally, a third scenario is exergetically evaluated in which sugar, electricity, biogas and alcohol are produced, but this last o ne from juices and molasses of the sugar process. For the exergetic analysis the integrated scheme was divided into 8 subsystems. From the analysis of results, the major subsystems that generate irreversibilities are: cogeneration (64.36-65.98%), juice extraction (8.85-9.85%), crystallization and cooking, (8.48-9.02%), fermentation (4.12-4.94%) anddistillation (2.74-3.2%). Improvements areproposed to minimize irreversibilities, including the thermal integration of processes, technological modifications in the fermentation process and the introduction of more efficient equipment for the generation of electricity. The exergetic efficiency is between 78.95-81.10%, obtaining greater exergetic efficiency in the scheme of joint operation toproduce sugar, alcohol and biogas.
In this work, the stages of losses and lower exergetic efficiency are determined when the sugar production process is integrated with others for the production of products such as biogas, torula yeast and electricity. The study is carried out in three scenarios of integrated processes for obtaining the indicated products. A sugar factory in which sugar and electricity are produced is considered as the base scenario and from this; a second scenario is inferred in which alcohol is produced from the molasses of the sugar process and biogas from the vinasse of the alcohol distillation process. Finally, a third scenario is exergetically evaluated in which sugar, electricity, biogas and alcohol are produced, but this last o ne from juices and molasses of the sugar process. For the exergetic analysis the integrated scheme was divided into 8 subsystems. From the analysis of results, the major subsystems that generate irreversibilities are: cogeneration (64.36-65.98%), juice extraction (8.85-9.85%), crystallization and cooking, (8.48-9.02%), fermentation (4.12-4.94%) anddistillation (2.74-3.2%). Improvements areproposed to minimize irreversibilities, including the thermal integration of processes, technological modifications in the fermentation process and the introduction of more efficient equipment for the generation of electricity. The exergetic efficiency is between 78.95-81.10%, obtaining greater exergetic efficiency in the scheme of joint operation toproduce sugar, alcohol and biogas.
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Palabras clave
Alcohol, Biogás, Caña de Azúcar, Exergía, Irreversibilidades