Propuesta tecnológica para producir quitina y quitosano a partir de exoesqueletos de crustáceos
Fecha
2019
Autores
Concepción Barreras, Lianet
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Editor
Universidad Central ``Marta Abreu`` de Las Villas. Facultad de Química y Farmacia. Departamento de Ingeniería Química
Resumen
La industria procesadora de mariscos constituye una fuente significativa de desechos sólidos que poseen una gran variedad de sustancias de alto valor agregado, entre ellas, la quitina y el quitosano, ambos, biopolímeros con múltiples aplicaciones en la medicina, la industria farmacéutica, la agricultura, entre otras. Los métodos biológico y químico, son empleados como alternativas para la obtención de estas sustancias, con características y procedimientos distintos, pero con resultados y rendimientos satisfactorios en los dos casos.
El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer una tecnología económicamente factible para la obtención de quitina y quitosano por método químico, a partir de exoesqueletos de crustáceos como materia prima fundamental empleando ácido fosfórico como alternativa menos dañina y más económica en la etapa de desmineralización. Para ello se estudiaron diferentes tecnologías de producción estableciendo las principales etapas del proceso según los requerimientos necesarios de materiales y suministros, quedando definidas como etapas fundamentales, la trituración, desproteinización, desmineralización, desacetilación y el secado.
Además, se realizaron los balances de materiales y energía necesarios y dimensionamiento de los equipos fundamentales del proceso propuesto. Se realizó una evaluación técnica y económica dando como resultado que el proceso es económicamente factibles con un VAN de $ 539 358,96; una TIR de 66 % y un PRD de 1,8 años. Finalmente se analizó la sensibilidad del proceso, teniendo un efecto negativo sobre la factibilidad del mismo, la disminución del precio del quitosano en más de un 10%
Palabras claves: quitina, quitosano, tecnología, equipos, factibilidad económica
Seafood processing industry is a significant source of solid waste that possess a wide variety of substances of high added value, including chitin and chitosan, both biopolymers with multiple applications in medicine, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, among other. The biological and chemical methods are used as alternatives to obtain these substances, with different characteristics and procedures, but with satisfactory results and performances in both cases. The objective of this work is to propose an economically feasible technology for obtaining chitin and chitosan by chemical method, from exoskeletons of crustaceans as a fundamental raw material using phosphoric acid as a less harmful and more economical alternative in the demineralization stage. For this, different production technologies were studied, establishing the main stages of the process according to the necessary requirements of materials and supplies, being defined as fundamental stages the crushing, deproteinization, demineralization, deacetylation and drying. In addition, the necessary material and energy balances and the dimensioning of the fundamental equipment of the proposed process were carried out. A technical and economic evaluation was carried out, showing that the process is economically feasible with a NPV of $ 539 358,96; a IRR of 66 % and a PBP of 1,8 years. Finally, the sensitivity of the process was analyzed, having a negative effect on the feasibility of the same, the decrease in the price of chitosan by more than 10% Key words: chitin, chitosan, technology, equipment, economic feasibility
Seafood processing industry is a significant source of solid waste that possess a wide variety of substances of high added value, including chitin and chitosan, both biopolymers with multiple applications in medicine, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, among other. The biological and chemical methods are used as alternatives to obtain these substances, with different characteristics and procedures, but with satisfactory results and performances in both cases. The objective of this work is to propose an economically feasible technology for obtaining chitin and chitosan by chemical method, from exoskeletons of crustaceans as a fundamental raw material using phosphoric acid as a less harmful and more economical alternative in the demineralization stage. For this, different production technologies were studied, establishing the main stages of the process according to the necessary requirements of materials and supplies, being defined as fundamental stages the crushing, deproteinization, demineralization, deacetylation and drying. In addition, the necessary material and energy balances and the dimensioning of the fundamental equipment of the proposed process were carried out. A technical and economic evaluation was carried out, showing that the process is economically feasible with a NPV of $ 539 358,96; a IRR of 66 % and a PBP of 1,8 years. Finally, the sensitivity of the process was analyzed, having a negative effect on the feasibility of the same, the decrease in the price of chitosan by more than 10% Key words: chitin, chitosan, technology, equipment, economic feasibility
Descripción
Palabras clave
Desechos Sólidos, Quitina, Quitosano, Tecnología, Equipos, Factibilidad Económica, Industria Pesquera, Caibarién