Propuesta de Transformación del Barrio "El Martillo" en una comunidad resiliente a los desastres naturales
Fecha
2013-06-28
Autores
Álvarez Pérez, Adniel
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Editor
Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de las Villas
Resumen
Los conceptos para la reducción de desastres a nivel internacional han ido evolucionando, desde el manejo de catástrofes, las estrategias de reducción de vulnerabilidades y riesgos, hasta los enfoques de resiliencia. Estos conceptos se aplicaron en el trabajo, cuya novedad radica en la factibilidad de transformación de un asentamiento vulnerable en una comunidad resiliente, para el caso del barrio El Martillo, en Manicaragua. Se realizó el diagnóstico integral del barrio (46 viviendas, 147 residentes) de extracción rural y vulnerabilidad social y económica y se desarrolló la evaluación de riesgos que mostró peligros de inundación frecuente, mal estado de los viales y daños recurrentes por huracanes debido al mal estado de techos y proximidad del arbolado. Se aplicaron los principios resilientes y sustentables de: autogestión, participación local, endogenismo, respeto por la identidad local y resiliencia sostenible. Además, se hizo un estudio de capacidades locales, a partir de la abundancia de arcilla, la explotación de recursos forestales, la existencia de un taller de ecomateriales y de una industria local del bambú. A nivel urbano, se propone un plan del asentamiento que incluye espacios públicos y ordenados en los viales existentes, mejorados localmente y con uso de adocretos, el empleo de energías renovables como la eólica (molinos de viento) y la biológica (biodigestores a partir de excretas de los equinos y ganado menor existente). El acceso al agua se mejora mediante pozos y molinos y el tratamiento de residuales con soluciones domésticas de foso séptico, filtro biológico y pozo filtrante. Todas estas tecnologías son resilientes localmente. A nivel de arquitectura, se proponen cuatro alternativas de proyecto de viviendas, cuya tipología, estructura y materiales son resistentes a los peligros meteorológicos, su diseño responde a preferencias de los residentes y logran resiliencia. Se emplea el ladrillo, el bambú y la madera de disponibilidad local, el reuso de agua de lluvia, paneles fotovoltaicos como energía solar, molinos de viento y el concepto de núcleo seguro, a construir por esfuerzo propio y proceso progresivo, que permite resguardar a los habitantes y las pertenencias familiares ante ciclones. Además, donde es necesario se elevan las viviendasen pedestales para evitar inundaciones.
Finalmente, la transformación incluye una estrategia de intervención local que consta de:
diagnóstico de partida, estudio de riesgos locales, estrategia de intervención y acciones
transformadoras.
La propuesta de transformación del barrio “El Martillo” como Comunidad Resiliente es una
experiencia replicable de hábitat seguro y sustentable para el desarrollo local en las
condiciones cubanas.
The concepts for the reduction of disasters have been changing in the world, from catastrophes management to strategies of risks reduction, with an approach to resilience in the present day. These principles were applied in this work and their novelty resides in the feasibility of transformation of a vulnerable settlement in a resilient community, for the case of the neighborhood "El Martillo", Manicaragua. An integral diagnosis was carried out in the neighborhood (46 houses, 147 inhabitants) of rural extraction and social and economic vulnerability. The risks assessment indicated hazards of frequent flood, bad conditions of the internal roads and recurrent damages for hurricanes due to vulnerability of roofs and dangerous proximity to the trees. The following principles of resilience and sustainability were applied in the work: selfmanagement, local participation, endogenous action, the respect for the local identity and sustainable resilience. Also, a study of local capacities was made, starting from the clay abundance, the exploitation of forest resources, and the existence of an ecomaterials workshop and of a local industry of the bamboo. At urban level, a planning of the neighborhood is proposed, including public spaces and improved roads and using renewable energy (wind energy and biological energy in biodigestors. Water access is improved as well as the treatment of residual with domestic solutions. At architectural level, it proposed four alternatives of housings designs, using building types and technologies to resist the meteorological hazards. The solutions use clay bricks, bamboo and the wood of local readiness, and the recycling of rain water, photovoltaic panels as solar energy, and water mills. Is important the concept of house sure-core, in order to protect the inhabitants during hurricanes, and also their familiar belongings. Also, where it is necessary the housings rise in pedestals to avoid floods. Finally, the transformation includes a strategy of local intervention that consists of: preliminary diagnosis, assessment of local risks, intervention strategy and changing actions. The transformation of neighborhood "El Martillo" as Resilient Community is a repetitive solution for the local development in the Cuban conditions.
The concepts for the reduction of disasters have been changing in the world, from catastrophes management to strategies of risks reduction, with an approach to resilience in the present day. These principles were applied in this work and their novelty resides in the feasibility of transformation of a vulnerable settlement in a resilient community, for the case of the neighborhood "El Martillo", Manicaragua. An integral diagnosis was carried out in the neighborhood (46 houses, 147 inhabitants) of rural extraction and social and economic vulnerability. The risks assessment indicated hazards of frequent flood, bad conditions of the internal roads and recurrent damages for hurricanes due to vulnerability of roofs and dangerous proximity to the trees. The following principles of resilience and sustainability were applied in the work: selfmanagement, local participation, endogenous action, the respect for the local identity and sustainable resilience. Also, a study of local capacities was made, starting from the clay abundance, the exploitation of forest resources, and the existence of an ecomaterials workshop and of a local industry of the bamboo. At urban level, a planning of the neighborhood is proposed, including public spaces and improved roads and using renewable energy (wind energy and biological energy in biodigestors. Water access is improved as well as the treatment of residual with domestic solutions. At architectural level, it proposed four alternatives of housings designs, using building types and technologies to resist the meteorological hazards. The solutions use clay bricks, bamboo and the wood of local readiness, and the recycling of rain water, photovoltaic panels as solar energy, and water mills. Is important the concept of house sure-core, in order to protect the inhabitants during hurricanes, and also their familiar belongings. Also, where it is necessary the housings rise in pedestals to avoid floods. Finally, the transformation includes a strategy of local intervention that consists of: preliminary diagnosis, assessment of local risks, intervention strategy and changing actions. The transformation of neighborhood "El Martillo" as Resilient Community is a repetitive solution for the local development in the Cuban conditions.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Transformación del Barrio "El Martillo", Comunidad Resilente, Desastres Naturales, Resilient Community, Transformation of neighborhood "El Martillo", Natural Disasters