Análisis de alternativas para la gestión integral de los residuos sólidos urbanos en la ciudad de Santa Clara
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Fecha
2009-06-25
Autores
Benítez Viera, Leidy
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Editor
Universidad Cetral "Marta Abreu " de Las Villas
Resumen
Dentro del amplio espectro de temas que guardan relación con una problemática de tanta
actualidad como la protección del medio ambiente, la gestión de los residuos sólidos
ocupa un lugar principal dentro de la gestión ambiental. Esta gestión integrada es el
término aplicado a todas las actividades asociadas con el manejo de los diversos flujos de
residuos dentro de la sociedad; y su meta básica es administrar los residuos de una forma
que sea compatible con el medio ambiente y la salud pública.
En este trabajo se analiza el Sistema de Gestión de Residuos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) de
la Ciudad de Santa Clara en la actualidad, se estudian tres alternativas de gestión y
tratamiento de los mismos mediante análisis económico y factibilidad de las alternativas
propuestas utilizando Programa para Valoración Económica diseñado en Excel,
herramienta que permite evaluar los impactos económicos totales de un proceso, producto
o servicio, considerando todas las etapas de cada gestión.
La alternativa A1 consiste en un sistema de Recogida Selectiva pretendiendo aprovechar
la fracción recuperable de los Residuos Sólidos Urbanos mediante clasificación en una
Planta de Transferencia, específicamente de papel y cartón, aluminio, cobre, hierro,
plásticos y vidrio, además de la construcción de un Relleno Sanitario logrando disminución
en el vertido y al mismo tiempo seguridad, la alternativa A2 plantea aprovechar la fracción
orgánica de los RSU (materiales fermentables de rápida y lenta descomposición) mediante
tratamiento biológico (digestión anaerobia y compost); reciclar la fracción recuperable y
disminuir considerablemente la disposición directa en el relleno, y la alternativa 3, reciclar
los materiales recuperables, además de un sistema de incineración, disminuyendo
también las cantidades a disponer en el relleno.
Se comprobó que la alternativa A2 es la más factible, tanto desde el punto de vista
económico como ambiental. El análisis económico demostró que dicha alternativa es
factible, presentando un Valor Actual Neto de $31.574.923,66, una Tasa Interna de
Rendimiento del 118% y un Período de Recuperación de Descuento de aproximadamente
1año.
There are wide spectrums of themes related to environmental protection, the solution of solid wastes elimination is one of the important aspects of environmental management. This integrated solution as the applied term to all activities associated with the management of different flows of wastes in society and the final purpose is to manage the wastes in a compatible form with environment and Public health. In this work the Management System of Solid Wastes in Santa Clara municipality is analysis three alternatives of management and treatment are studied by means of computed programs helping in economical analysis, the factibility of the alternatives are evaluated allowing to know the total environmental impact of a product, process or service taking into account all the stages of the management system. A1alternative consist in a system of selective collection of Urban Solid Wastes by means of classification of materials in a transfer Plant such as paper, cardboard, aluminum, copper iron, plastics and glass the reusable fraction will be commercialized, this solution decreased landfill depositions and the non usable fraction will be deposed in a new garbish collection place created for this purpose, A2 alternative take into account the first stage of alternative one (classification and commerce), besides of treating the organic fraction by process of fermentation (the fast fermentative material will be treated by anaerobic digestion and slow fraction will be used to obtain compost). This alternative reduces considerably the depositions in the landfill and A3 alternative take into account the first stage of alternative A1 and A2 besides of an incineration system that decreased the amount of waste material in the landfill. It was concluded that alternative A2 is the most feasible, economical and environmental solution of all studied, presenting a Net Present Value (NPV) of $31.574.923,66 and Internal Return Rate (IRR) of 118% and a Recovering Time less than one year.
There are wide spectrums of themes related to environmental protection, the solution of solid wastes elimination is one of the important aspects of environmental management. This integrated solution as the applied term to all activities associated with the management of different flows of wastes in society and the final purpose is to manage the wastes in a compatible form with environment and Public health. In this work the Management System of Solid Wastes in Santa Clara municipality is analysis three alternatives of management and treatment are studied by means of computed programs helping in economical analysis, the factibility of the alternatives are evaluated allowing to know the total environmental impact of a product, process or service taking into account all the stages of the management system. A1alternative consist in a system of selective collection of Urban Solid Wastes by means of classification of materials in a transfer Plant such as paper, cardboard, aluminum, copper iron, plastics and glass the reusable fraction will be commercialized, this solution decreased landfill depositions and the non usable fraction will be deposed in a new garbish collection place created for this purpose, A2 alternative take into account the first stage of alternative one (classification and commerce), besides of treating the organic fraction by process of fermentation (the fast fermentative material will be treated by anaerobic digestion and slow fraction will be used to obtain compost). This alternative reduces considerably the depositions in the landfill and A3 alternative take into account the first stage of alternative A1 and A2 besides of an incineration system that decreased the amount of waste material in the landfill. It was concluded that alternative A2 is the most feasible, economical and environmental solution of all studied, presenting a Net Present Value (NPV) of $31.574.923,66 and Internal Return Rate (IRR) of 118% and a Recovering Time less than one year.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Residuos Sólidos Urbanos, Sistema de Gestión, Santa Clara, Medio Ambiente, Planta de Transferencia