Evaluación de la eficiencia de humedales subsuperficiales para la remoción de cromo total y níquel (II) en aguas residuales industriales
Fecha
2016-06
Autores
Morera Hernández, Luis Ernesto
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Editor
Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas. Facultad de Química Farmacia. Departamento de Ingeniería Química
Resumen
El presente trabajo está dirigido a evaluar la remoción de níquel y cromo mediante humedales subsuperficiales. Primeramente, se caracterizó el suelo ferralítico rojo para ser utilizado como sustrato del humedal experimental, presentando un alto contenido de minerales, lo que favorece la remoción en estos sistemas de tratamiento y se realizó el análisis del contenido de estos metales en la planta. Posteriormente se evaluó la cinética de remoción de los contaminantes en el humedal, obteniéndose un mejor ajuste al modelo Monod para ambos metales. Se realizó además la caracterización de las aguas residuales efluentes de la INPUD “Primero de Mayo” y se evaluó la remoción de la misma en el humedal. La eficiencia de remoción obtenida para ambos metales tanto para las soluciones patrones como para el agua residual de la INPUD fue superior al 98%. Se obtuvo mayor retención de metales en la planta, principalmente en la raíz y las hojas, evidenciando la importancia de la misma en la remoción. Se observó además un predominio de la acumulación níquel en las hojas, presentando una elevada biodisponibilidad. Finalmente, se realizó el diseño de un humedal subsuperficial horizontal para el tratamiento de las aguas residuales de la INPUD, utilizando las constantes cinéticas obtenidas experimentalmente, necesitándose un área para el humedal de 32 m2. La evaluación económica mostró que el sistema es viable y que la inversión se recupera al año de la puesta en funcionamiento.
This paper is aimed at evaluating nickel and chromium removal by subsurface wetlands. First, ferriferous red soil was characterized. This substrate that was used as experimental wetland has high mineral content, which favors the removal in these treatment systems. Besides, the analysis of the content of these metals in the plant was made. Subsequently the kinetics of removal of pollutants in the wetland was evaluated, obtaining a better fit to Monod model for both metals. It was also made the characterization of INPUD "Primero de Mayo" wastewater effluents and was evaluated the removal for this metals of wastewater in the wetland. The removal efficiency obtained for nickel and chromium for both, patterns solutions and the INPUD wastewater was over 98%. Greater metal retention was obtained in the plant, particularly in the root and leaves, demonstrating the importance of this component in the removal. A predominance of nickel accumulation in leaves was also observed, showing a high bioavailability. Finally, the design of a horizontal subsurface wetland for treatment of INPUD wastewater was performed using the kinetic constants obtained experimentally. The area obtained for the wetland was 32 m2. The economic evaluation showed that the system is viable and that the investment can be recovered a year of commissioning.
This paper is aimed at evaluating nickel and chromium removal by subsurface wetlands. First, ferriferous red soil was characterized. This substrate that was used as experimental wetland has high mineral content, which favors the removal in these treatment systems. Besides, the analysis of the content of these metals in the plant was made. Subsequently the kinetics of removal of pollutants in the wetland was evaluated, obtaining a better fit to Monod model for both metals. It was also made the characterization of INPUD "Primero de Mayo" wastewater effluents and was evaluated the removal for this metals of wastewater in the wetland. The removal efficiency obtained for nickel and chromium for both, patterns solutions and the INPUD wastewater was over 98%. Greater metal retention was obtained in the plant, particularly in the root and leaves, demonstrating the importance of this component in the removal. A predominance of nickel accumulation in leaves was also observed, showing a high bioavailability. Finally, the design of a horizontal subsurface wetland for treatment of INPUD wastewater was performed using the kinetic constants obtained experimentally. The area obtained for the wetland was 32 m2. The economic evaluation showed that the system is viable and that the investment can be recovered a year of commissioning.
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Palabras clave
Industria Galvánica, Impacto Ambiental, Metales Pesados, Contaminación, Humedales, Aguas Residuales, Níquel, Cromo