Desarrollo y caracterización de un material compuesto de matriz de aluminio
Fecha
2017-06-22
Autores
García Figueredo, Yadelvys
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Editor
Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas
Resumen
En el presente trabajo se describe el procedimiento de obtención y caracterización de una variante económica y ambientalmente compatible de un material compuesto de matriz de aluminio que emplea como refuerzo materiales naturales o de desechos.
Primeramente, se caracterizaron los posibles materiales a emplear como refuerzo, la ceniza de bagazo de caña de azúcar colectada directamente de la caldera del central “Luis Arcos Bergnes” y la arcilla natural del yacimiento Miller. Empleando técnica de difracción de rayos X (XRD), fluorescencia de rayos X (XRF) y microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) se determinó que la ceniza está compuesta fundamentalmente por silicio (alrededor 80 %), expresado como SiO2, y que las fases presentes son mayoritariamente cristobalita y tridimita. En el caso de la arcilla, también se empleó el análisis termogravimétrico (DTG). El estudio comparativo de la arcilla natural y calcinada mostró que en esta última están presentes las fases cuarzo, magnesio-hornablenda, diopsidio, albita y moscovita. Las fases presentes en la ceniza y en la arcilla calcinada son típicas de materiales cerámicos de elevada dureza, lo cual les confiere a estos dos materiales propiedades adecuadas para ser empleados como refuerzos en materiales compuestos de matriz de aluminio.
Luego, empleando técnicas de pulvimetalurgia, se fabricó un composite de matriz de aluminio que emplea como material de refuerzo a la ceniza antes estudiada. El estudio comparativo del composite aluminio-4 % ceniza de bagazo de caña de azúcar y de la matriz sin reforzar, mostró que la ceniza actúa favorablemente como material de refuerzo, al obtenerse incrementos significativos de la dureza del compuesto con respecto a la matriz sin reforzar.
The process of obtaining and characterizing an economically and environmentally compatible variant of an aluminum matrix composite material that uses as reinforcement natural materials or waste, is describing in the present work. Firstly, the possible materials to be used as reinforcement: the sugarcane bagasse ashes, collected directly from sugar factory boiler “Luis Arcos Bergnes”, and the natural clay from the Miller deposit, were characterized. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was determined that the ash is composed mainly of silicon (about 80%), expressed as SiO2, and that the phases present are mostly cristobalite and tridymite. In the case of clay, thermo gravimetric analysis (DTG) was also used. The comparative study of the natural and calcined clay showed that the quartz, magnesium-hornblende, diopsidium, albite and muscovite phases are present in the calcined clay. The phases present in ash and calcined clay are typical of high hardness ceramic materials, which gives these two materials suitable properties to be used as reinforcements in aluminum matrix composite materials. Then, using powder metallurgy techniques, an aluminum matrix composite that uses as reinforcement material the previously studied ash was fabricated. The comparative study of the composite aluminum-4 % sugarcane bagasse ash and the unreinforced matrix showed that the ash acts favorably as a reinforcing material, resulting in significant increases in the hardness of the compound with respect to the unreinforced matrix.
The process of obtaining and characterizing an economically and environmentally compatible variant of an aluminum matrix composite material that uses as reinforcement natural materials or waste, is describing in the present work. Firstly, the possible materials to be used as reinforcement: the sugarcane bagasse ashes, collected directly from sugar factory boiler “Luis Arcos Bergnes”, and the natural clay from the Miller deposit, were characterized. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was determined that the ash is composed mainly of silicon (about 80%), expressed as SiO2, and that the phases present are mostly cristobalite and tridymite. In the case of clay, thermo gravimetric analysis (DTG) was also used. The comparative study of the natural and calcined clay showed that the quartz, magnesium-hornblende, diopsidium, albite and muscovite phases are present in the calcined clay. The phases present in ash and calcined clay are typical of high hardness ceramic materials, which gives these two materials suitable properties to be used as reinforcements in aluminum matrix composite materials. Then, using powder metallurgy techniques, an aluminum matrix composite that uses as reinforcement material the previously studied ash was fabricated. The comparative study of the composite aluminum-4 % sugarcane bagasse ash and the unreinforced matrix showed that the ash acts favorably as a reinforcing material, resulting in significant increases in the hardness of the compound with respect to the unreinforced matrix.
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Palabras clave
Desarrollo, Caracterización, Material Compuesto, Matriz de Aluminio, Bagazo de Caña de Azúcar, Arcilla Natural, Pulvimetalurgia, Ciencia de los Materiales