Diseño conceptual de un sistema tecnológico para la obtención de Alginato de Sodio como alternativa de uso del sargassum arribante
Fecha
2020
Autores
Rodríguez Prieto, Beatriz
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Editor
Universidad Central ‘‘Marta Abreu’’ de Las Villas. Facultad de Química y Farmacia. Departamento de Ingeniería Química
Resumen
Las algas marinas son recursos valiosos que se han utilizado de dos formas diferentes en la alimentación, directamente en su forma natural o bien pueden ser procesadas para obtener compuestos químicos, que a su vez, se emplean en diversos tipos de industrias. A los compuestos extraídos de las algas que tienen la propiedad de formar soluciones viscosas o geles, se les llama ficocoloides. Los principales ficocoloides de importancia comercial son el alginato, que se extrae de las algas cafés; el agar y la carragenina que se extraen de las algas rojas (McHugh, 1987). Los alginatos son sales del ácido algínico que forman parte de la pared celular y de las regiones intercelulares de las feofitas, estos compuestos, tienen amplias aplicaciones en el sector industrial por lo que su extracción es ampliamente justificada como respuesta a las acrecentadas arribazones que se están dando de estas especies de algas que los contienen en costas y litorales de varios países en la región. Por estas razones en este trabajo se presenta una propuesta de un modelo conceptual planta para la obtención de Alginato de Sodio a partir del Sargassum, alga parda que contiene ácido algínico en su estructura, que puede extraerse en forma de sus sales comunes como es el caso que nos ocupa. Se analizaron vías de obtención diferentes de este ficocoloide seleccionándose para la evaluación el procedimiento de obtención de Alginato de Sodio por la vía del ácido algínico. Se seleccionó el equipamiento necesario para lograr cumplir al máximo con las operaciones propuestas, proponiéndose un diagrama de flujo para su representación y distribución. Para evaluar el modelo y comprobar desde un inicio su factibilidad técnico-económica se realizaron los balances en el proceso considerando la realización de un batch diario resultando la obtención de casi 5 t del producto Alginato de Sodio en un año, a partir de esta información se procedió al dimensionamiento de los equipos involucrados en el proceso en función de obtener el tamaño y la capacidad necesaria para procesar el alga y lograr la extracción del ficocoloide en cuestión. Como parte de esta evaluación se realizó el análisis económico correspondiente a partir de los procedimientos expuestos en Peter & Timmerhaus resultando para este caso un costo de inversión de $ 1565682.92, un costo total de $ 3407380.67. Es importante destacar que todos los cálculos de balances, diseño de equipos y evaluación económica fueron procesados en el Microsoft Excel.
The marine algae are directly valuable resources that have been used in two different ways in the feeding, in their natural form or they can be processed to obtain chemical compounds that in turn, they are used in diverse types of industries. To the extracted compounds of the algae that have the property of forming viscous solutions or gels, they are called ficocoloides. The main ficocoloides of commercial importance is the alginato that is extracted of the brown algae; the agar and the carragenina that are extracted of the red algae (McHugh, 1987). The alginatos is salts of the sour algínico that are part of the cellular wall and of the regions intercelulares of the feofitas, these compounds, have wide applications in the industrial sector for what their extraction is broadly justified as answer to the increased arribazones that are giving of these species of algae that contain them in costs and coasts of several countries in the region. For these reasons in this work a proposal of a model conceptual plant is presented for the obtaining of Alginato of Sodium starting from the Sargassum, brown alga that contains sour algínico in its structure that can be extracted in form of its common salts as it is the case that occupies us. Obtaining roads different from this ficocoloide were analyzed selecting he/she stops the evaluation the procedure of obtaining of Alginato of Sodium for the road of the sour algínico. The necessary equipment was selected to be able to fulfill to the maximum the proposed operations, intending a diagram of flow for its representation and distribution. To evaluate the pattern and to check from a beginning their technician-economic feasibility they were carried out the balances in the process considering the realization of a daily batch being the obtaining of almost 5 t of the product Alginato of Sodium in one year, starting from this information you proceeded to the dimensionamiento of the teams involved in the process in function of obtaining the size and the necessary capacity to process the alga and to achieve the extraction of the ficocoloide in question. As part of this evaluation he/she was carried out the corresponding economic analysis starting from the procedures exposed in Peter & Timmerhaus being for this case an investment cost of $1565682.92, a total cost of $3407380.67. it is important to highlight that all the calculations of balances, design of teams and economic evaluation were processed in the Microsoft Excel.
The marine algae are directly valuable resources that have been used in two different ways in the feeding, in their natural form or they can be processed to obtain chemical compounds that in turn, they are used in diverse types of industries. To the extracted compounds of the algae that have the property of forming viscous solutions or gels, they are called ficocoloides. The main ficocoloides of commercial importance is the alginato that is extracted of the brown algae; the agar and the carragenina that are extracted of the red algae (McHugh, 1987). The alginatos is salts of the sour algínico that are part of the cellular wall and of the regions intercelulares of the feofitas, these compounds, have wide applications in the industrial sector for what their extraction is broadly justified as answer to the increased arribazones that are giving of these species of algae that contain them in costs and coasts of several countries in the region. For these reasons in this work a proposal of a model conceptual plant is presented for the obtaining of Alginato of Sodium starting from the Sargassum, brown alga that contains sour algínico in its structure that can be extracted in form of its common salts as it is the case that occupies us. Obtaining roads different from this ficocoloide were analyzed selecting he/she stops the evaluation the procedure of obtaining of Alginato of Sodium for the road of the sour algínico. The necessary equipment was selected to be able to fulfill to the maximum the proposed operations, intending a diagram of flow for its representation and distribution. To evaluate the pattern and to check from a beginning their technician-economic feasibility they were carried out the balances in the process considering the realization of a daily batch being the obtaining of almost 5 t of the product Alginato of Sodium in one year, starting from this information you proceeded to the dimensionamiento of the teams involved in the process in function of obtaining the size and the necessary capacity to process the alga and to achieve the extraction of the ficocoloide in question. As part of this evaluation he/she was carried out the corresponding economic analysis starting from the procedures exposed in Peter & Timmerhaus being for this case an investment cost of $1565682.92, a total cost of $3407380.67. it is important to highlight that all the calculations of balances, design of teams and economic evaluation were processed in the Microsoft Excel.
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Palabras clave
Industria Química, Diseño de Plantas Químicas, Proceso Tecnológico, Balance de Materiales, Diseño de Equipos, Costo Total de Inversión (CTI)