Caracterización neuropsicológica de las funciones intelectuales en adultos mayores que asisten a la casa de abuelos.
Fecha
2010-07-18
Autores
Rodríguez Chinea, Giana
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Editor
Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas
Resumen
La presente investigación se realizó con el objetivo de caracterizar neuropsicológicamente el funcionamiento intelectual de un grupo de adultos mayores pertenecientes a la casa de abuelos del municipio de Cruces, en la provincia de Cienfuegos. La muestra estuvo constituida por treinta personas, 21 hombres y 9 mujeres. La investigación se efectúo en el periodo comprendido de enero a marzo del 2010. Se aplicó una batería de exploración neuropsicológica, dentro de las que se encuentra la entrevista semiestructurada, Minimental Test, While-Bear Supresión Inventory (WBSI), Cuarto Excluido, Interpretación de Refranes y el Esquema de exploración de los procesos intelectuales. Los datos obtenidos fueron procesados estadísticamente con las técnicas de Chicuadrado y tablas de contingencia.
Se detectó en el grupo la presencia del pensamiento rumiativo, generador de descontrol en las funciones cognitivas y que interviene en la capacidad para regular, planificar y verificar las acciones. Se reflejaron dificultades en la realización de la tarea en las operaciones del pensamiento, en el análisis, la síntesis y en la generalización de los contenidos de la vida cotidiana. En el pensamiento lógico-discursivo las principales afectaciones se registraron en el nivel de generalización, la criticidad y labilidad emocional. Se notó en ellos un análisis superficial en la tarea, pobreza en los juicios que ofrecen, poca reflexión y sentido. Se evidencian dificultades en cuanto a la retención en memoria a corto plazo, alteraciones cuantitativas como la dismnesia, en los casos asténicos, deprimidos y limitaciones en la capacidad de autocontrol emocional. Se observaron signos demenciales incipientes como dificultades agnósticas, fallas mnémicas y lentitud en las acciones y su capacidad de regulación. En cuanto a la orientación, como la alteración más común se detectó la desorientación alopsíquica. En el lenguaje se pudo apreciar un enlentecimiento al hablar, alteraciones funcionales como bradilalia.
Las principales preocupaciones del grupo se concentran en relación con necesidades de afecto, de unidad de la familia, de escucha, de compañía, teniendo en cuenta que una gran parte de la muestra son ancianos que viven solos. Existen indicadores de deterioro cognitivo, de leve a moderado en mayor medida, lo que es expresión de deficiencias en los sistemas funcionales que tienen su base en las estructuras corticales que conforman la tercera unidad funcional y afectan en cierta medida la capacidad para planificar y verificar acciones. Se ofrecen conclusiones y recomendaciones que pueden favorecer el logro de una mejor atención integral en los adultos mayores y se abren nuevas interrogantes para investigaciones futuras.
This investigation was carried out with the purpose of characterizing neuropsychologically the intellectual operation of a group of elderly adults belonging to a home in the Municipality of Cruces, in Cienfuegos Province. Thirty people, twenty one men and nine women were selected as the sample. The investigation lasted three months, from January to March, 2010. Several of neuropsychological tests were applied, such as semi-structured psychological interview, Minimental Test, While-Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI), Excluded fourth, Interpretation of Proverbs and the Outline of exploration of the intellectual processes. The obtained data were processed statistically with the techniques of Chicuadrado and contingency charts. It was detected in the group the presence of the intrusive thought that generates the loss of control of the cognitive functions and has a great influence in the capacity to regulate, to plan and to verify the actions. Difficulties in the realization of the task in the operations of the thought, in the analysis, the synthesis and in the generalization of the contents in the daily life were detected. The main affectations registered in the logical-discursive thought were in the generalization level, the criticism and emotional unstableness. It was noticed in them a superficial analysis in the task, poverty in the criterion they offer, little reflection and sense. Difficulties are evident in the retention of short term memory, quantitative alterations as the dysmnesia in the asthenics and cases of depression and limitations in the capacity of emotional self-control. Incipient signs of dementia were observed as agnostic difficulties, mnemic flaws and slowness in the actions and their regulation capacity. In the orientation, the most common alteration detected was the alopsychic disorientation. It was detected that language was slow when speaking, and functional alterations as bradilalia showed up. The main concerns of the group are related to necessities of affection, to the family unity, to the lack of people to listen to them, to the necessity of company, considering that a great part of the sample are old people that live alone. There are signals of cognitive deterioration, from minor to moderated in major measure, which means deficiencies in the functional systems that have their base in the cortical structures that conform the third functional unit and they affect in certain measure the capacity to plan and to verify actions. We suggest conclusions and recommendations that can favor the achievement of a better integral attention in elderly adults and new questions are opened up for future investigations.
This investigation was carried out with the purpose of characterizing neuropsychologically the intellectual operation of a group of elderly adults belonging to a home in the Municipality of Cruces, in Cienfuegos Province. Thirty people, twenty one men and nine women were selected as the sample. The investigation lasted three months, from January to March, 2010. Several of neuropsychological tests were applied, such as semi-structured psychological interview, Minimental Test, While-Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI), Excluded fourth, Interpretation of Proverbs and the Outline of exploration of the intellectual processes. The obtained data were processed statistically with the techniques of Chicuadrado and contingency charts. It was detected in the group the presence of the intrusive thought that generates the loss of control of the cognitive functions and has a great influence in the capacity to regulate, to plan and to verify the actions. Difficulties in the realization of the task in the operations of the thought, in the analysis, the synthesis and in the generalization of the contents in the daily life were detected. The main affectations registered in the logical-discursive thought were in the generalization level, the criticism and emotional unstableness. It was noticed in them a superficial analysis in the task, poverty in the criterion they offer, little reflection and sense. Difficulties are evident in the retention of short term memory, quantitative alterations as the dysmnesia in the asthenics and cases of depression and limitations in the capacity of emotional self-control. Incipient signs of dementia were observed as agnostic difficulties, mnemic flaws and slowness in the actions and their regulation capacity. In the orientation, the most common alteration detected was the alopsychic disorientation. It was detected that language was slow when speaking, and functional alterations as bradilalia showed up. The main concerns of the group are related to necessities of affection, to the family unity, to the lack of people to listen to them, to the necessity of company, considering that a great part of the sample are old people that live alone. There are signals of cognitive deterioration, from minor to moderated in major measure, which means deficiencies in the functional systems that have their base in the cortical structures that conform the third functional unit and they affect in certain measure the capacity to plan and to verify actions. We suggest conclusions and recommendations that can favor the achievement of a better integral attention in elderly adults and new questions are opened up for future investigations.
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Palabras clave
Funciones Intelectuales, Pensamiento, Neuropsicología, Deterioro Cognitivo, Adultos Mayores, Intellectual Functions, Thought, Neuropsychology, Cognitive Deterioration, Elderly Adults