Diseño de una planta química para la obtención de ácido fosfórico basado en el estudio de la necesidad de productos fosfatados en Cuba
Fecha
2021
Autores
Armas Hernández, Lenier
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ISSN de la revista
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Editor
Universidad Central ‘‘Marta Abreu’’ de Las Villas. Facultad de Química y Farmacia. Departamento de Ingeniería Química
Resumen
En el trabajo investigativo se estudió detalladamente las diferentes tecnologías para la producción de ácido fosfórico a partir de la roca fosfórica cubana, seleccionándose como proceso más viable, el proceso dihidrato, por ser el más utilizado en el mundo debido a sus ventajas. Su principal propósito fue diseñar una planta para la elaboración de este producto basado en la experiencia desarrollada en algunos trabajos que han sido realizados, con vistas al ahorro por sustitución de importaciones. Constó de un estudio de la demanda de este ácido en Cuba, donde se demostró que más del 75% se destina para la obtención de fertilizantes. Para obtener las corrientes de entrada y salida del proceso de obtención del ácido fosfórico, se realizó los balances de masa y de energía, donde se consideró una capacidad requerida de producción de 7500 t/año, trabajando 300 días al año. Se elaboró el diseño geométrico de los equipos más importantes del proceso, analizándose óptimamente las etapas de evaporación y lavado de gases, donde se buscó el tiempo de ciclo óptimo en el evaporador para permitir la máxima cantidad de transferencia de calor, dando un valor de 38 horas, además, se calculó la longitud óptima de la garganta Venturi, con el objetivo de recuperar la diferencia de presión para minimizar el costo de producción, dando un valor 34,78 cm. Atendiendo a los residuos sólidos y efluentes, subproductos de la producción, se analizaron sus principales efectos al medio ambiente y sus posibles tratamientos. Finalmente se realizó un análisis económico de la planta donde arrojó un costo total de producción de 2083453,252 $/año, con ganancia igual a 3916546,748 $/año, alcanzando un valor actual neto de $10.205.137,34, una TIR de 65% y un período de recuperación de la inversión de aproximadamente 1,8 años, lo que podría contribuir al ahorro de importaciones y en la posible satisfacción de productos fosfatados para la industria y la agricultura nacional.
In the research work, the different technologies for the production of phosphoric acid from Cuban phosphate rock were studied in detail, selecting the dehydrate process as the most viable process, as it is the most widely used in the world due to its advantages. It was carried out with the purpose of designing a plant for the elaboration of this product based on the experience developed in some works that have been carried out, with a view to saving by import substitution. It consisted of a study of the demand for this acid in Cuba, where it was shown that more than 75% is used to obtain fertilizers. To obtain the input and output streams of the phosphoric acid production process, mass and energy balances were carried out, where a required production capacity of 7,500 t / year was considered, working 300 days a year. The geometric design of the most important equipment in the process was elaborated, optimally analyzing the evaporation and gas scrubbing stages, where the optimum cycle time in the evaporator was sought to allow the maximum amount of heat transfer, giving a value of 38 hours, in addition, the optimal length of the Venturi throat was calculated, in order to recover the pressure difference to minimize the cost of production, giving a value of 34.78 cm. Considering solid waste and effluents, by-products of production, their main effects on the environment and their possible treatments were analyzed. Finally, an economic analysis of the plant was carried out, which showed a total production cost of $ 2,083,453.252 / year, with profit equal to $ 3,916,546.748 / year, reaching a net present value of $ 10,205,137.34, an IRR of 65% and a payback period of the investment of approximately 1.8 years, which could contribute to saving imports and the possible satisfaction of phosphate products for industry and national agriculture.
In the research work, the different technologies for the production of phosphoric acid from Cuban phosphate rock were studied in detail, selecting the dehydrate process as the most viable process, as it is the most widely used in the world due to its advantages. It was carried out with the purpose of designing a plant for the elaboration of this product based on the experience developed in some works that have been carried out, with a view to saving by import substitution. It consisted of a study of the demand for this acid in Cuba, where it was shown that more than 75% is used to obtain fertilizers. To obtain the input and output streams of the phosphoric acid production process, mass and energy balances were carried out, where a required production capacity of 7,500 t / year was considered, working 300 days a year. The geometric design of the most important equipment in the process was elaborated, optimally analyzing the evaporation and gas scrubbing stages, where the optimum cycle time in the evaporator was sought to allow the maximum amount of heat transfer, giving a value of 38 hours, in addition, the optimal length of the Venturi throat was calculated, in order to recover the pressure difference to minimize the cost of production, giving a value of 34.78 cm. Considering solid waste and effluents, by-products of production, their main effects on the environment and their possible treatments were analyzed. Finally, an economic analysis of the plant was carried out, which showed a total production cost of $ 2,083,453.252 / year, with profit equal to $ 3,916,546.748 / year, reaching a net present value of $ 10,205,137.34, an IRR of 65% and a payback period of the investment of approximately 1.8 years, which could contribute to saving imports and the possible satisfaction of phosphate products for industry and national agriculture.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Procesos de Producción, Balance de Materiales