Modelación de patologías provocadas por la retracción en estructuras de hormigón armado. Caso de estudio : Sistema FORSA
Fecha
2014-06-29
Autores
Ramírez Caraballo, Jesús Alberto
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas
Resumen
La implementación en Cuba del sistema constructivo FORSA ha cobrado un gran auge en la construcción de edificios multifamiliares, representando una tarea de gran impacto social dado el déficit habitacional existente en el país.
Sin embargo, a pesar de las numerosas ventajas que presenta, este sistema no está exento de inconvenientes e incertidumbres, tal es el caso de la aparición en gran escala de fisuras provocadas por la retracción por secado del hormigón, que no solo afecta sus condiciones estéticas, sino, que puede desencadenar problemas estructurales que limiten la durabilidad y funcionabilidad de estas edificaciones. Estas inseguridades han condicionado la necesidad de estudios y evaluaciones por parte de diferentes instituciones especializadas, en la búsqueda de variantes y soluciones que posibiliten la reducción de este fenómeno.
Bajo el cuestionamiento científico de evaluar el empleo de medidas estructurales con el fin de mitigar los efectos de este fenómeno se ha desarrollado el presente trabajo de diploma. En el mismo se realiza la modelación computacional del edificio FORSA tipo C 3D Pantalla, considerando un análisis no lineal por etapas de construcción y el efecto de la retracción en el tiempo, buscando patrones de esfuerzo máximo, agrietamientos coincidentes con el levantamiento patológico realizado y la evaluación del efecto de medidas estructurales.
El trabajo fue desarrollado en tres etapas fundamentales. En el primer capítulo se realizó un estudio bibliográfico y análisis de la base teórica relacionada con el tema. En el segundo capítulo fueron expuestas las características arquitectónicas y estructurales del edificio objeto de estudio, así como el levantamiento patológico realizado y en el tercer capítulo se desarrolló la modelación estructural del edificio en el programa SAP 2000 V12 bajo el método de elementos finitos, evaluándose además los resultados de practicar algunas medidas de mitigación estructurales.
Una vez analizados los resultados obtenidos se arriban a conclusiones de notable interés para el comportamiento del fenómeno y se plantean recomendaciones con el fin de atenuar estas afectaciones.
The implementation in Cuba of the “FORSA” constructive system has taken a boom in construction of multifamily buildings, representing a task of great social impact due to the housing shortage in the country. However, despite the many advantages of this system, it isn´t exempt from drawbacks and uncertainties, as in the case of large-scale appearance of cracks caused by drying shrinkage of concrete, which not only affects their aesthetic conditions but, which can trigger structural problems that limit the durability and functionality of these buildings. These insecurities have conditioned the need for studies and evaluations by different specialized institutions in the search for alternatives and solutions that enable the reduction of this phenomenon. This diploma work has been developed under the scientific inquiry of evaluate the use of structural measures to mitigate the effects of this phenomenon. Computer modeling of the type C 3D Screen Forsa building, considering nonlinear analysis for construction stages and the effect of shrinkage over time, looking for patterns of maximum stress, cracks coincident with pathological survey done and evaluation of the effect of structural solutions has been implemented. The work was developed in three main stages. In the first chapter a literature review and an analysis of the theoretical basis related to the subject was done. In the second chapter were exposed architectural and structural features of the building under study, as well as the pathological survey done and in the third chapter the structural modeling of the building was developed in the SAP 2000 V12 software using the finite element method. Some structural mitigation changes has been also evaluated in this chapter. After analyzing the obtained results, conclusions of considerable interest to the behavior of the phenomenon are arriving and recommendations are made in order to mitigate these effects.
The implementation in Cuba of the “FORSA” constructive system has taken a boom in construction of multifamily buildings, representing a task of great social impact due to the housing shortage in the country. However, despite the many advantages of this system, it isn´t exempt from drawbacks and uncertainties, as in the case of large-scale appearance of cracks caused by drying shrinkage of concrete, which not only affects their aesthetic conditions but, which can trigger structural problems that limit the durability and functionality of these buildings. These insecurities have conditioned the need for studies and evaluations by different specialized institutions in the search for alternatives and solutions that enable the reduction of this phenomenon. This diploma work has been developed under the scientific inquiry of evaluate the use of structural measures to mitigate the effects of this phenomenon. Computer modeling of the type C 3D Screen Forsa building, considering nonlinear analysis for construction stages and the effect of shrinkage over time, looking for patterns of maximum stress, cracks coincident with pathological survey done and evaluation of the effect of structural solutions has been implemented. The work was developed in three main stages. In the first chapter a literature review and an analysis of the theoretical basis related to the subject was done. In the second chapter were exposed architectural and structural features of the building under study, as well as the pathological survey done and in the third chapter the structural modeling of the building was developed in the SAP 2000 V12 software using the finite element method. Some structural mitigation changes has been also evaluated in this chapter. After analyzing the obtained results, conclusions of considerable interest to the behavior of the phenomenon are arriving and recommendations are made in order to mitigate these effects.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Fisuras, Modelación Computacional, Edificio Forsa, Levantamiento, Modelación Estructural, Hormigón