Análisis del comportamiento del viento en entornos urbanos y su acción sobre las tecnologías de generación de energía renovable urbana (TGERU)
Fecha
2019
Autores
Moreno Acosta, Mariano
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Editor
Universidad Central ``Marta Abreu`` de Las Villas. Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica e Industrial. Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica
Resumen
En la presente investigación se realizó una valoración sobre el comportamiento del viento en entornos urbanos y su interacción con las Tecnologías de Generación de Energía Renovable Urbana (TGERU) dando como resultado que no existe ninguna norma internacional que relacione el comportamiento del viento urbano con la instalación de dichas TGERU, solo la Norma IEC 61400-2 rige los pequeños aerogeneradores pero colocados en zonas abiertas, designando cuatro clases de turbina eólica que cubren la mayoría de los sitios operativos entre las que se encuentra una clase "S" para condiciones de viento especiales, sin embargo, no proporciona parámetros suficientes para abordar la turbulencia elevada en entornos construidos y por lo tanto no puede garantizar confiabilidad. También el Modelo de Turbulencia Normal (NTM) de percentil 90 que proporciona la norma subvalora la magnitud y la proporción de los cambios de fluctuaciones del viento y de la intensidad de la turbulencia, lo que provoca que la bibliografía consultada plantee que este modelo no es aplicable para pequeños aerogeneradores en entornos construidos o sitios de terreno complejo. Para ejemplificar este planteamiento se estableció una metodología de caracterización del comportamiento del viento urbano que utilizando los datos obtenidos por dos anemómetros ubicados en el Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo (INTEC) permitió conocer que las velocidades medias del viento en el lugar se comporta para el período de medición con valores de 2,3 m/s y 2,5 m/s. Respecto al rumbo existe un predominio de la dirección noroeste en el anemómetro 1, mientras el anemómetro 2 sufre un desplazamiento hacia el sur, con aumentos de velocidad al comienzo del día hasta llegar a una meseta que cubre más allá del medio día, ocurriendo una caída significativa de la velocidad después de las 2:30 pm. El análisis de probabilidad se realizó mediante la distribución Weibull, sucediendo las mayores probabilidades a las mismas velocidades en ambos anemómetros, la densidad de potencia es baja y α se encuentra entre los 0,35 para ambos anemómetros. La intensidad de la turbulencia dio como resultado moderada con tendencia a alta en correspondencia con un emplazamiento urbano estando los mayores índices de turbulencia entre los 0 y 1 m/s. Se demostró que el NTM no se corresponde con los valores de percentil 90 de la intensidad de la turbulencia presente en el INTEC, infravalora la magnitud y la proporción de los cambios de fluctuaciones del viento lo que confirma la necesidad de la redacción de una norma internacional que resuma el verdadero comportamiento del viento con las TGERU. Además se construyó en la UCLV un sistema de monitoreo de la velocidad y la dirección del viento para continuar aumentando los datos disponibles con el fin de poder llegar a una caracterización generaldel comportamiento del viento en entornos urbanos.
In the present investigation an assessment was made about the behavior of the wind in urban environments and its interaction with the Technologies of Generation of Urban Renewable Energy (TGERU) giving the result that there is no international norm that relates the behavior of the urban wind with the installation of said TGERU, only the IEC 61400-2 Standard governs small wind turbines but placed in open areas, designating four classes of wind turbine that cover most of the operating sites among which is an "S" class for wind conditions, however, it does not provide sufficient parameters to address the high turbulence in built environments and therefore can not guarantee reliability. Also, the Normal Turbulence Model (NTM) of percentile 90 that provides the standard underestimates the magnitude and proportion of changes in wind fluctuations and turbulence intensity, which causes the consulted bibliography to suggest that this model is not applicable for small wind turbines in built environments or complex terrain sites. To exemplify this approach, a methodology of characterization of the behavior of the urban wind was established, using the data obtained by two anemometers located at the Technological Institute of Santo Domingo (INTEC), which allowed us to know that the average wind speeds in the place behave for the period measuring with values of 2.3 m/s and 2.5 m/s. Regarding the direction there is a predominance of the northwest direction using the anemometer 1, while the anemometer 2 suffers a shift to the south, with increases in speed at the beginning of the day until reaching a plateau that covers beyond noon, a fall occurs significant speed after 2:30 pm. The probability analysis was performed using the Weibull distribution, with the highest probabilities occurring at the same speeds in both anemometers, the power density is low and α is between 0.35 for both anemometers. The intensity of the turbulence resulted in a moderate tendency with a high tendency in correspondence with an urban site, with the highest turbulence index between 0 and 1 m/s. It was shown that the NTM does not correspond to the 90th percentile values of the intensity of the turbulence present in the INTEC, underestimates the magnitude and the proportion of the changes of wind fluctuations which confirms for the drafting of an international standard that summarizes the true behavior of the wind with the TGERU is needed. A wind speed and direction monitoring system was also built in the UCLV to continue increasing the available data in order to arrive at a general characterization of wind behavior in urban environments.
In the present investigation an assessment was made about the behavior of the wind in urban environments and its interaction with the Technologies of Generation of Urban Renewable Energy (TGERU) giving the result that there is no international norm that relates the behavior of the urban wind with the installation of said TGERU, only the IEC 61400-2 Standard governs small wind turbines but placed in open areas, designating four classes of wind turbine that cover most of the operating sites among which is an "S" class for wind conditions, however, it does not provide sufficient parameters to address the high turbulence in built environments and therefore can not guarantee reliability. Also, the Normal Turbulence Model (NTM) of percentile 90 that provides the standard underestimates the magnitude and proportion of changes in wind fluctuations and turbulence intensity, which causes the consulted bibliography to suggest that this model is not applicable for small wind turbines in built environments or complex terrain sites. To exemplify this approach, a methodology of characterization of the behavior of the urban wind was established, using the data obtained by two anemometers located at the Technological Institute of Santo Domingo (INTEC), which allowed us to know that the average wind speeds in the place behave for the period measuring with values of 2.3 m/s and 2.5 m/s. Regarding the direction there is a predominance of the northwest direction using the anemometer 1, while the anemometer 2 suffers a shift to the south, with increases in speed at the beginning of the day until reaching a plateau that covers beyond noon, a fall occurs significant speed after 2:30 pm. The probability analysis was performed using the Weibull distribution, with the highest probabilities occurring at the same speeds in both anemometers, the power density is low and α is between 0.35 for both anemometers. The intensity of the turbulence resulted in a moderate tendency with a high tendency in correspondence with an urban site, with the highest turbulence index between 0 and 1 m/s. It was shown that the NTM does not correspond to the 90th percentile values of the intensity of the turbulence present in the INTEC, underestimates the magnitude and the proportion of the changes of wind fluctuations which confirms for the drafting of an international standard that summarizes the true behavior of the wind with the TGERU is needed. A wind speed and direction monitoring system was also built in the UCLV to continue increasing the available data in order to arrive at a general characterization of wind behavior in urban environments.
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Palabras clave
Energía Renovable, Generación Eléctrica, Entorno Urbano, Energía Eólica, Impacto Ambiental