Oportunidades de la generación de energía con biomasa cañera en la matriz energética cubana desde un enfoque de ciclo de vida
Fecha
2021
Autores
Ruíz Guirola, Marianela
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Editor
Universidad Central ‘‘Marta Abreu’’ de Las Villas. Facultad de Química y Farmacia. Departamento de Ingeniería Química
Resumen
En Cuba es de vital importancia la mejora de la matriz energética actual, por tal motivo en este trabajo se desarrolló un diagnóstico de las condiciones actuales, el cual tuvo como herramienta el método teórico de búsqueda de datos a partir de las fuentes de información brindada por la Unión Eléctrica (UNE), que ayudó como base para la búsqueda de potenciales existentes en el país que pueden aportar al mejoramiento de la matriz, que se revertirá la situación actual de 78,1% de las energías no renovables a un 46 % para el 2030 si se emplea biomasa como materia prima para la generación. Se realizó a partir del análisis de ciclo de vida (ACV), el estudio del impacto que provocan las diferentes fuentes de energía en la generación de 1 kilovatio hora (kWh), donde como resultado de este estudio se obtuvo que las mayores contribuciones a las categorías de impacto se corresponden con la generación de electricidad mediante el crudo y el fuel, evidenciando que las energías renovables impactan en menor medida sobre estas categorías lo que hace atrayente su empleo en la ampliación de la matriz energética. El estudio se concentra en la influencia que puede tener la energía producida a partir de biomasa cañera para mejorar la sustentabilidad de la matriz energética nacional, demostrándose que puede ser factible la introducción de bioeléctricas con las que se puede generar 120kWh/tcaña. Se tomó como caso de estudio la UEB Heriberto Duquesne para demostrar que al realizar cambios tecnológicos como el secado de bagazo se puede generar 0.327 kWh/tcaña más que cuando este no se realiza, además de aportar 1.88 % de energía a partir de biomasa a la matriz energética actual, logrando pequeñas reducciones en todas las categorías de impacto.
In Cuba, the improvement of the current energetic matrix is of vital importance, for this reason in this work a diagnosis of the current conditions was developed, which had as a tool the theoretical method of searching for data from the sources of information provided by the Electricity Union (UNE), that helped as the base for the search for existing potentials in the country that can contribute to the improvement of the matrix, which will revert the current situation of 78.1% of non-renewable energies to 46% by 2030 if biomass is used as raw material for generation. From the life cycle analysis (LCA), the study of the impact caused by the different energy sources in the generation of 1 kilowatt hour kWh) was carried out, where as a result of this study it was obtained that the highest contributions to the impact categories correspond with the generation of electricity through crude oil and fuel, showing that renewable energies have a lesser impact on these categories, which makes their use attractive in the expansion of the energetic matrix. The study focuses on the influence that energy produced from sugarcane biomass can have to improve the sustainability of the national energetic matrix, demonstrating that the introduction of bioelectric plants with which 120kWh / t sugarcane can be generated may be feasible. The UEB Heriberto Duquesne was taken as study case to demonstrate that when carrying out technological changes such as bagasse drying, 0.327 kWh / t sugarcane can be generated more than when this is not carried out, in addition to providing 1.88% of energy from biomass to the current energetic matrix, achieving small reductions in all impact categories.
In Cuba, the improvement of the current energetic matrix is of vital importance, for this reason in this work a diagnosis of the current conditions was developed, which had as a tool the theoretical method of searching for data from the sources of information provided by the Electricity Union (UNE), that helped as the base for the search for existing potentials in the country that can contribute to the improvement of the matrix, which will revert the current situation of 78.1% of non-renewable energies to 46% by 2030 if biomass is used as raw material for generation. From the life cycle analysis (LCA), the study of the impact caused by the different energy sources in the generation of 1 kilowatt hour kWh) was carried out, where as a result of this study it was obtained that the highest contributions to the impact categories correspond with the generation of electricity through crude oil and fuel, showing that renewable energies have a lesser impact on these categories, which makes their use attractive in the expansion of the energetic matrix. The study focuses on the influence that energy produced from sugarcane biomass can have to improve the sustainability of the national energetic matrix, demonstrating that the introduction of bioelectric plants with which 120kWh / t sugarcane can be generated may be feasible. The UEB Heriberto Duquesne was taken as study case to demonstrate that when carrying out technological changes such as bagasse drying, 0.327 kWh / t sugarcane can be generated more than when this is not carried out, in addition to providing 1.88% of energy from biomass to the current energetic matrix, achieving small reductions in all impact categories.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Sistema Energético, Matriz Energética, Bagazo de Caña, Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV), Impacto Ambiental