Ecotoxicidad de antibacterianos con riesgo ambiental
Fecha
2015-06-25
Autores
Hernández Martínez, Ester María
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Editor
Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas. Centro de Bioactivos Químicos.
Resumen
Últimamente existe una creciente preocupación por los efectos que los medicamentos producen en el medio ambiente. A pesar del gran uso de los antibacterianos no son muy investigados como contaminantes, prestándose mayor atención a antibioresistencia por lo que el objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la ecotoxicidad aguda de antibacterianos. Para esto se realizó un estudio de consumo de los antibacterianos consumidos en el hospital en los años 2011 a 2013, se predijo sus concentraciones ambientales mediante un modelo matemático y se determinó su riesgo ecotoxicológico. En el período de estudio se utilizaron 17 antibacterianos, el de mayor consumo fue la Ceftriaxona y el menos consumido la Clindamicina. Todos constituyen un riesgo para el ambiente. Se observó inhibición de la germinación de Lactuca sativa L. en todos los antibacterianos resaltando el Cotrimoxazol con 38.78% (CI50=0.52g/L) y Vancomicina la de menor efecto en la inhibición de la germinación con un 8.56% (CI50=44,14g/L). En la mezcla solamente hubo inhibición de la geminación a la mayor concentración evaluada, mientras que en el resto de las concentraciones no se evidenciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas con respecto al control. El tipo de interacción de la mezcla se clasifica como sinérgica. En el ensayo de Artemia salina la Ceftazidima se clasifica como muy tóxico con valor de CL50 de 0,060773 g/L, la Cefepima y Cefotaxima con valores de 0,993731 y 0,928847g/L como moderadamente tóxicos y el resto de los antibacterianos evaluados se clasifican como no tóxicos. En los bioensayos en Physa cubensis Cefepima y Cefazolina ocasionaron la mayor mortalidad con CL50 de 0,000270 y 0,025684 g/L respectivamente y los que indujeron menor mortalidad fueron Vancomicina y Amoxicilina/Sulbactam con CL50 de 1,528440 y 1,055492 g/L. El vertimiento de residuos de antibacterianos puede ser causa de contaminación ambiental perjudicial para algunas especies.
In recent years, there is growing concern about the effects that drugs produce in the environment. Despite the wide use of antibacterial, they are not very investigated as pollutants, paying greater attention to their antibiotic resistance, so the aim of this research was to evaluate the acute ecotoxicity of antibacterials. For this, an study of antibacterial consumption in the hospital during years 2011-2013 was carried out, their environmental concentrations were predicted by a mathematical model and its ecotoxicological risk was determined. In the study period they were used 17 antibacterials, the highest consumption was ceftriaxone and the less consumed was clindamycin. All they constitute a risk to the environment. Germination inhibition of Lactuca sativa L. was observed in all antibacterial highlighting the Cotrimoxazol with 38.78% (IC50 = 0.52g/L) and Vancomycin with minor effect on the germination inhibition with 8.56% (IC50 = 44, 14g/L). In the mixture there was only germination inhibition at the highest concentration tested, while in other concentrations no statistically significant differences were found, respect to control. The type of mixture interaction is classified as a synergistic. In the Artemia salina trial Ceftazidime is classified as very toxic with LC50 value of 0.060773 g/L, Cefepime and Cefotaxime with values of 0.993731 and 0,928847g/L are classified as moderately toxic and the rest of antibacterials evaluated are classified as non-toxic. In bio trials of Physa cubensis, Cefepime and Cefazolin caused the greatest mortality with LC50 0.000270 0.025684 g/L respectively, and the ones that led lower mortality were Vancomycin and Amoxicillin/Sulbactam with LC50 of 1.528440 and 1.055492 g/L. The dumping of antibiotics residues can be the cause of environmental pollution, detrimental to some species.
In recent years, there is growing concern about the effects that drugs produce in the environment. Despite the wide use of antibacterial, they are not very investigated as pollutants, paying greater attention to their antibiotic resistance, so the aim of this research was to evaluate the acute ecotoxicity of antibacterials. For this, an study of antibacterial consumption in the hospital during years 2011-2013 was carried out, their environmental concentrations were predicted by a mathematical model and its ecotoxicological risk was determined. In the study period they were used 17 antibacterials, the highest consumption was ceftriaxone and the less consumed was clindamycin. All they constitute a risk to the environment. Germination inhibition of Lactuca sativa L. was observed in all antibacterial highlighting the Cotrimoxazol with 38.78% (IC50 = 0.52g/L) and Vancomycin with minor effect on the germination inhibition with 8.56% (IC50 = 44, 14g/L). In the mixture there was only germination inhibition at the highest concentration tested, while in other concentrations no statistically significant differences were found, respect to control. The type of mixture interaction is classified as a synergistic. In the Artemia salina trial Ceftazidime is classified as very toxic with LC50 value of 0.060773 g/L, Cefepime and Cefotaxime with values of 0.993731 and 0,928847g/L are classified as moderately toxic and the rest of antibacterials evaluated are classified as non-toxic. In bio trials of Physa cubensis, Cefepime and Cefazolin caused the greatest mortality with LC50 0.000270 0.025684 g/L respectively, and the ones that led lower mortality were Vancomycin and Amoxicillin/Sulbactam with LC50 of 1.528440 and 1.055492 g/L. The dumping of antibiotics residues can be the cause of environmental pollution, detrimental to some species.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Lactuca sativa L., Physa cubensis P., Artemia salina L., Preparaciones Farmacéuticas, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Antibacterianos, Anti-Bacterial Agents