Ecotoxicidad aguda de antibióticos vertidos por el Hospital Provincial Universitario ‘‘Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau’’ en un área del río Bélico en Santa Clara, Cuba.
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Fecha
2013-06-05
Autores
Martínez Suárez, Beatriz
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Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas
Resumen
En los últimos años existe una creciente preocupación por los efectos que los desechos de los medicamentos producen en el medio ambiente. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la ecotoxicidad aguda de antibióticos en un área de uno de los dos ríos que atraviesan las zonas más urbanizadas de la ciudad de Santa Clara. Para esto se estimaron los posibles residuos de antibióticos mediante un estudio de consumo durante
un año en un hospital, se predijo sus concentraciones en el agua de río mediante un modelo matemático y se determinó su riesgo ecotoxicológico. En el período de estudio se utilizaron 22 antibióticos, el de mayor consumo fue la Ceftriaxona y el de menor el Miconazol. Todos constituyen un riesgo para el ambiente exceptuando Anfotericin B y
Doxiciclina. No hubo inhibición de la germinación de las semillas Lactuca sativa L. y el Sulfaprim fue el que presentó mayor inhibición de la elongación de su raíz. La Ceftazidima
y el Sulfaprim son ligeramente tóxicos para Eisenia foetida S., por poseer valores de CL50 de 0,049 y 0,032 mg/L respectivamente. Cefepima y Cefazolina ocasionaron la mayor mortalidad de Physa cubesis P. (53,33% y 86,66%) a la concentración de 1000 mg/L
(producto puro) y los que indujeron menor mortalidad fueron Ceftazidima y Trifamox con un 20% cada uno. En el ensayo de Artemia salina L. se observó muy baja mortalidad y en Poecilla reticulata P. no se presentó ninguna mortalidad aunque sí algunos cambios en la conducta de estos organismos. Por lo tanto el vertimiento de residuos de antibióticos puede ser causa de contaminación ambiental perjudicial para algunas especies que habitan en el ecosistema acuático objeto de estudio u otros similares.
In recent years there is growing concern about the effects of drug waste in the environment. The objective of this research was to evaluate the acute ecotoxicity of antibiotic in an area of a river that runs through a very urbanized area of the city of Santa Clara. In order to achieve the aim of this work the possible residues of antibiotics estimated by means of a consumption study for a year at a hospital, and concentrations in river water were predicted using a mathematical model and its ecotoxicological risk was determined. In the study period 22 antibiotics were used, the Ceftriaxone reached the highest consumption and the Miconazole reached lowest one. All of them constituted a risk to the environment excepting Amphotericin B and Doxycycline. There was no inhibition of germination seed Lactuca sativa L. and Sulfaprim presented the highest inhibition of the root elongation. The Ceftazidime and Sulfaprim are slightly toxic to Eisenia foetida S., due to their LC50 values of 0,049 y 0,032 mg/L respectively. Cefazolin and Cefepime caused the greatest mortality to Physa cubensis P. (53.33% and 86.66%) at the concentration of 1000 mg/L (pure product) and the ones that induced the lowest mortality were Ceftazidime and Trifamox with 20% each. In the trial of Artemia salina L. very low mortality was observed and no mortality was shown in Poecilia reticulata P. no although some changes in the behavior of these organisms could be observed. That is why the dumping of antibiotic residues can be a cause for the environmental pollution for some species that live in the aquatic ecosystem studied or the like.
In recent years there is growing concern about the effects of drug waste in the environment. The objective of this research was to evaluate the acute ecotoxicity of antibiotic in an area of a river that runs through a very urbanized area of the city of Santa Clara. In order to achieve the aim of this work the possible residues of antibiotics estimated by means of a consumption study for a year at a hospital, and concentrations in river water were predicted using a mathematical model and its ecotoxicological risk was determined. In the study period 22 antibiotics were used, the Ceftriaxone reached the highest consumption and the Miconazole reached lowest one. All of them constituted a risk to the environment excepting Amphotericin B and Doxycycline. There was no inhibition of germination seed Lactuca sativa L. and Sulfaprim presented the highest inhibition of the root elongation. The Ceftazidime and Sulfaprim are slightly toxic to Eisenia foetida S., due to their LC50 values of 0,049 y 0,032 mg/L respectively. Cefazolin and Cefepime caused the greatest mortality to Physa cubensis P. (53.33% and 86.66%) at the concentration of 1000 mg/L (pure product) and the ones that induced the lowest mortality were Ceftazidime and Trifamox with 20% each. In the trial of Artemia salina L. very low mortality was observed and no mortality was shown in Poecilia reticulata P. no although some changes in the behavior of these organisms could be observed. That is why the dumping of antibiotic residues can be a cause for the environmental pollution for some species that live in the aquatic ecosystem studied or the like.
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Palabras clave
Cefalosporinas, Santa Clara, Antimicrobianos, Residuos, Ecotoxicología, Ecotoxicology, Hospital Provincial Universitario ‘‘Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau’’, Santa Clara, Río Bélico, Ceftriaxona, Ceftriaxone, Medio Ambiente, Rocephyn, Miconazol, Miconazole, Amphotericin B, Anfotericina B, Doxiciclina, Doxycycline, Lactuca sativa L., Sulfaprim, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination, Cotrimoxazol, Ceftazidima, Ceftazidime